Huck Finn Morality :: essays research papers

In The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, author Mark Twain uses Huck to demonstrate how one&8217s conscience is an shot of everyday life. The decisions we make are based on what our conscience tells us which can lead us the right way or the wrong way. Huck&8217s deformed conscience leads him the wrong way early on in the chapters, but eventually in later chapters his sound drumhead sets in to guild him the rest of the way until his friend Tom Sawyer shows up. Society believes that slaves should be treated as property Huck&8217s sound mind tells him that Jim is a person, a friend, and non property. Society does not agree with that thought, which also tampers with Huck&8217s mind telling him that he is wrong. Though Huck does not realize that his own instinct are more moral than those of society, Huck chooses to follow his innate sense of right instead of following society&8217s rules. In chapter 16, Huck goes through a moral conflict of whether he should turn Jim in or not. &8220I w as paddling off, all in a soapsuds to tell on him but when he says this, it seemed to kind of take the tuck all out of me (89). Right off from the beginning, Huck wanted to turn Jim in because it was against society&8217s rules to help a slave escape and Huck knew it. But when Jim said that &8220Huck you&8217s de bes&8217 fren&8217 Jim&8217s ever had en you&8217s de only fren&8217 ole Jim&8217s got now (89), made helped Huck to grasp the concept that there is a friendship in the making. Even though Huck didn&8217t turn Jim in, he is till troubled by his conscience when the slave catchers were leaving because he bashs it is wrong to help a slave. Still Huck cannot engender himself forward to tell on Jim, thus showing that his innate sense of right exceeds that of society. Huck finds out that all of the bad things he did are overture back to haunt him. In chapter 31 when Jim gets sold for forty dollars, Huck realizes that &8220here was the plain hand of Providence slapping me in t he face and letting me know my wickedness was being watched all the time whilst from up there in heaven. It also scared Huck because all this karma, what comes around goes around, was happening to him.

Gender Inequality in the Song of Songs Essay -- Womens Studies

Gender Inequality in the Song of Songs INTRODUCTIONPostcolonial Feminist Theory has taught us to olfactory sensation beyond the frontier of narrow cultural lenses as we seek to understand the diversity of gendered experience. I believe it is even more empowering to go one step further and to look not only cross-culturally but also cross-temporally. In America, when the general population tries to articulate what traditional female gender roles were, it seems they often describe those prescriptions for being lady-like from the tight-laced Era, 1950s post-war America, or maybe limited snapshots of the Middle Ages, like chivalry codes and chastity belts. Accordingly women were, supposedly and stereotypically, traditionally passive and acquiescent. Proper women spoke when verbalize to, and then played merely a support role in conversation. They were to express virtue through chastity until marriage, and sexual reserve even within marriage. They were not supposed to ask for the date, lest they seem too forward. They found true fulfillment only in motherhood. They were physically delicate and timid. They were sexual objects instead of restless subjects. They were more often written about than authors. They were defined in opposition to men.Places such as the ancient Near East, for example, provide a wealth of training about gendered experience that blatantly contradicts the stereotypical gender-associated behaviors that we in the contemporary West tend to call traditional. Much of it is written by women themselves, such as Egyptian love poetry and Sumerian temple priestesses administrative records. Because many arguments about the nature of the feminine versus the socialization of femininity look only to relatively youthful stereotypes to ass... ...DFalk, Marcia. Love Lyrics from the Bible A Translation and Literary Study of the Song of Songs. Sheffield The Almond Press, 1982.---. The Song of Songs Love Lyrics from the Bible, A New Translation. New York Harp erCollins, 1993.Freeman, Rebecca and Bonnie McElhinny. manner of speaking and Gender. Sociolinguisitcs and Language Teaching. Eds. McKay, Sandra L. and Nancy H. Hornberger. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1996. Fox, Michael V. The Song of Sons and the Ancient Egyptian Love Songs. Madison University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.Gordis, Robert. The Song of Songs. New York The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1961.Sweeney, Deborah. Women and Language in the Ramesside Period. The Sonia and MarcoNadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv Univeristy. http//www.tau.ac.il/archpubs/projects/women_language_ramesside.html

Essay --

I mere end hundrede r har byen optaget sociologer, lige fra Georg Simmel (1858-1918) til nutidens spanske sociolog Manuel Castells . Disse sociologer har anskuet byen med en modstridende flelse. Storbyens fascinerende manpower p samme tid, skrmmende strrelse, komponeret med dens evne til, at udvikle fllesskaber men ogs skabe fremmedgrelse for det enkelte individ. Her vil jeg dykke ind og se p de to sociologers teorier, Zygmunt Bauman og Georg Simmel.ZYGMUNT BAUMAN OG HANS TEORIZygmunt Bauman er en polsk-engelsk sociolog, som blev fdt i 1925. Baumans teori er, at byens rum er et koncentreret billede, som er en afspejling af samfundets forandring. Hans interesse for byen kom virkelig i centrum, da han skrev bogen Globalisering de menneskelige konsekvenser hvori han skriver om rummets skiftevis globalisering og lokaliserende karakter, agorafobiens fremkomst og den urealistiske moderne aspiration .Bauman mener, at byens fysiske indretning og organisation afslrer de moralske vrdier s om samfundet har. Han er stor fortaler for det bne rum, det offentlige rum og inkluder...

hacker crackdown :: essays research papers

THE HACKER CRACKDOWNLaw and Disorder on the electronic FrontierCONTENTSPreface to the Electronic Release of *The peonCrackdown*Chronology of the Hacker CrackdownIntroduction dissociate 1 CRASHING THE SYSTEMA Brief History of Telephony / Bells Golden Vaporware /Universal Service / Wild Boys and Wire Women / TheElectronic Communities / The lowborn Giant / TheBreakup / In Defense of the System / The Crash Post-Mortem / Landslides in CyberspacePart 2 THE DIGITAL UNDERGROUNDSteal This Phone / Phreaking and Hacking / The lieu>From Under the Floorboards / Boards Core of the pipe / Phile Phun / The Rakes Progress /Strongholds of the Elite / Sting Boards / Hot Potatoes /War on the Legion / Terminus / Phile 9-1-1 / War Games/ Real CyberpunkPart 3 LAW AND ORDERCrooked Boards / The Worlds Biggest Hacker Bust /Teach Them a Lesson / The U.S. Secret Service / TheSecret Service Battles the Boodlers / A Walk downtown /FCIC The Cutting-Edge Mess / Cyberspace Rangers /FLETC Training the Hacker-T rackersPart 4 THE CIVIL LIBERTARIANSNuPrometheus + FBI = Grateful Dead / Whole Earth + electronic computer Revolution = WELL / Phiber RunsUnderground and Acid Spikes the Well / The Trial ofKnight Lightning / Shadowhawk Plummets to Earth /Kyrie in the Confessional / $79,499 / A ScholarInvestigates / Computers, Freedom, and PrivacyElectronic Afterword to *The Hacker Crackdown,*New Years Day 1994Preface to the Electronic Release of *The HackerCrackdown*January 1, 1994 -- Austin, TexasHi, Im Bruce Sterling, the author of thiselectronic book.Out in the traditional world of print, *TheHacker Crackdown* is ISBN 0-553-08058-X, and isformally catalogued by the Library of Congress as "1.Computer crimes -- United States. 2. Telephone --United States -- Corrupt practices. 3. Programming(Electronic computers) -- United States -- Corruptpractices." Corrupt practices, I always get a kick outof that description. Librarians are in truth ingeniouspeople.The paperback is ISBN 0-553-56370-X. If you goand buy a print version of *The Hacker Crackdown,*an action I encourage heartily, you whitethorn notice thatin the cause of the book, beneath the copyrightnotice -- "Copyright (C) 1992 by Bruce Sterling" -- ithas this little block of printed legal boilerplate fromthe publisher. It says, and I quote"No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronicor mechanical, including photocopying, recording,or by any randomness storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher.For information address Bantam Books."This is a pretty good disclaimer, as suchdisclaimers go. I clear intellectual-propertydisclaimers, and Ive seen dozens of them, and thisone is at least pretty straightforward.

We Must Have the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Essay -- argumentative, pe

Within the United States Constitution, amendments one through ten referred to as the peter of Rights contains amendment two which reads A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to make and go for Arms, shall non be infringed (States, 1789). Despite this amendment, gun regard still remains one of the most highly-debated issues in the United States. While the Constitution clearly states our right to keep and bear Arms, the gun control lobbyists continue to challenge this right by using the media to convey misleading stories on how guns by themselves are the problem. By contrast, the real issues are not the guns but the people who use them. Therefore guns should not be used as a political patsy to suspend dealing directly with the real issues that prompt gun-related violence. After the incidents at Columbine and Virginia Tech., a typical emotional reaction would be to blindly demand a ban on all firearms or wish they never existed in the first place. Some may feel motivated to push for legislation that makes us feel like we are doing something, but this may not accomplish anything, or worse, it could do more harm (Schools and Gun Violence, 2008). Therefore the problems with American ships company are not related to the possession of firearms, but rather an unraveling of ethics and morals. To preserve our civil liberty such as the right to keep and bear arms, our current laws must be enforced consistently. Adding additional restrictions on our civil liberties will only ensure that one day our rights will slowly eat away away, until gone completely. Just as any restriction put on the right to petition the government for a redress of grievances can be viewed as a violation... ...amounts to nothing less than tyranny an insult to the intelligence of the people. Gun control underestimates the ability of citizens to educate themselves in proper weapons storage and usage. Gun control places too muc h power in the hands of the government, which can so easily turn on the people. The American Constitution should rarely be tampered with its Bill of Rights was written with wisdom and foresight. The right to keep and bear arms is immutable.Works CitedAssociation, N. R. (2010). Issues. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from NRA http//home.nra.org//ilaSchools and Gun Violence. (2008, June 29). Retrieved June 11, 2011, from GunSite http//guncite.com/gun_control_gcgvscho.htmlStates, C. o. (1789, March 4). Bill of rights. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from http//www.archives.gov http//archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html

We Must Have the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Essay -- argumentative, pe

Within the United States Constitution, amendments one through ten referred to as the Bill of Rights contains amendment two which reads A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the certificate of a free State, the flop of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed (States, 1789). Despite this amendment, gun find out still remains one of the most highly-debated issues in the United States. While the Constitution clearly states our right to keep and bear Arms, the gun control lobbyists continue to challenge this right by using the media to convey misleading stories on how guns by themselves are the problem. By contrast, the real issues are not the guns but the people who use them. Therefore guns should not be used as a political patsy to avoid dealing directly with the real issues that prompt gun-related violence. After the incidents at Columbine and Virginia Tech., a typical emotional reaction would be to blindly demand a ban on all firearms or wish they never existed in the eldest place. Some may feel motivated to push for legislation that makes us feel like we are doing something, but this may not accomplish anything, or worse, it could do more harm (Schools and triggerman Violence, 2008). Therefore the problems with American society are not related to the possession of firearms, but rather an unraveling of ethics and morals. To continue our civil liberty such as the right to keep and bear arms, our current laws must be enforced consistently. Adding additional restrictions on our civil liberties leave only ensure that one day our rights will slowly erode away, until gone completely. Just as any restriction put on the right to petition the government for a redress of grievances can be viewed as a violation... ...amounts to nothing less than tyranny an insult to the intelligence of the people. Gun control underestimates the ability of citizens to educate themselves in proper weapons storage and usage. Gun control places too much p ower in the hands of the government, which can so easily turn on the people. The American Constitution should rarely be tampered with its Bill of Rights was written with wisdom and foresight. The right to keep and bear arms is immutable.Works CitedAssociation, N. R. (2010). Issues. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from NRA http//home.nra.org//ilaSchools and Gun Violence. (2008, June 29). Retrieved June 11, 2011, from GunSite http//guncite.com/gun_control_gcgvscho.htmlStates, C. o. (1789, March 4). Bill of rights. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from http//www.archives.gov http//archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html

Legitimating rationale Essay

Explain how and why the Functional Perspective is the legitimating rationale (explanation or justification) for a Capitalist economy, and give examples of this justification through race, religion, class, gender, and educational level. Then, critique the Functionalist ideology from the Conflict Perspective and describe how the stratification system produces deviants (not criminals, but rather those who f tot in ally outside the expectations in actions, thoughts, appearance, credit-score, etc) and the result of this labeling in terms of preserving the status quo.Without a judicial system, regardless how f legal philosophyed it is, in a Capitalist economy it would be bedlam without it. As a human race, we need to abide by restrictions and laws. It is an unfortunate statistic that the majority of inmates are lower class, less educated than the norm. The penal system shows no favoritism on gender nor religion. In our society if the law is not obeyed, then you will have to pay the ultimat e price. Earlier social conflict theorists argue that money is the mechanism which creates social disorder.The theory except states that society is created from ongoing social conflict between various groups. The gap between the haves, and have not, have certainly widened in the past five years. Families who were considered snapper class five years ago have seen their credit score plummet. Ones that found themselves buying at higher retail stores are now at discounted houses. Having their homes foreclosed, and living week to week, has become the norm in the middle of this society.There is much resent handst for the middle class as the higher class seems to go unscathed, and the lower class seems to be getting more and more government services. I believe the word status quo is a thing of the past. Part B Choose 1 legitimating rationale and show how the 5 basic social institutions (economy, family, religion, education and government) work together and support one another both struct urally and ideologically to foster this rationale.Then discuss Marxs claim that the interests and goals of the economic system definethe goals and objectives of all other institutions. (50 pts) Women are subordinate to men, and the way that they all support it. Economy (women get paid less than men glass ceiling), family (men expect women to play the housewife), religion (the bible talks about women as the sinners and that men are superior/women cant be priests in the Catholic church), education (we are taught sexist rationales in school like boys are masculine and girls play with Barbies and dont fight), government (the U.S. Constitution says all men are created equal not all people or all women)Beacuse the economy is controlled by a strong male presence (wall street, congress, etc) they continue to re-emphasize the male agenda because they want to keep control (keep higher salaries, devote the laws, etc) So the male controlled economy defines the goals and objectives of everythi ng so they stay in power.

European Diplomatic History Essay

IntroductionDifferent groups of good deal have variant views ab come forth the First public War. For some, it was a crisis for the safe and sound world whereas new(prenominal)s say that it was the biggest historical crisis. multitude differences which started from the year 1914 to the year 1918 take to the war against Russia and ultimately turned into a global war involving 32 nations. The Allied Forces comprised of twenty eight nations including France, Italy, Russia, United States, majuscule Britain, etc. It was a one and only(a) side battle against the combined forces named Central Power having turkey, Germany, Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary.Reasons for the First World War included secure nationalism that influenced atomic number 63 from 19th century to 20th century. The second important reason was competition among nations in their economic values. Rapid increment in armed forces especially by and by 1871 was another reason. More all over, Germany came out as the great (p) world power. The only idea behind the war was that mess of same language, political ideas and culture should have an single-handed country.This idea of national self-determination was mostly ignored by the generations of rulers and forces who opposed the concept of self-determination and dominated the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815 to regulate European affairs. Strong revolutions and jingoistic thrusts over a few decades totally nullified congress policies when Belgium snatched license from Netherlands in the year 1831. Revolutionary movements also compete a vital role in the unification of Italy and Germany in the years 1861 and 1871 respectively. The First World War was always cognize to Europeans and Americans as the Great War. (McCarthy, pg 349) new(a) Turks RevolutionIn July 1908, Junior Officers of the sustain and the Third Army who were placed in Macedonia and Edirne went against their officers and demanded restoration of the 1876 puff of air constitution. These Young Turks were members of transfuse (Committee of Union and Progress) and they began their rebellion. The resulting revolution changed the recital of Turkey. In 1902 and 1907, Young Turks congresses were held in Paris in which deuce ideas emerged and built their groups yettually. Ahmet Rza was the leader of Young Turks and the son of a member in the premier nance parliament. His group back up the ideology of a secular nation for those Turks who were pursuing scientific advancement and reasonable progress of Europe.They were in support of nationalist economic policies and resisted American interference in Europe. The other group was in favor of Prince Sabahettin (member of the fag dynasty). He was an economic, liberal Ottoman and wanted to establish a unified and multi religious empire. He believed in decentralization. He gave importance to foreign crown for the economic growth of the empire. He confessed the role of Islam in modernization of the Ottoman imperium. It would seem impossible one man could have so many different roles and carry out so many different functions which would normally claim prolonged specialization, that this was possible in the early days of the Young Turks Revolution (Karpat, pg 840).Young Turk liberals were in favor of the ideas of Prince Sabahettin. There were religious conservatives, including many ulema and dervish leaders, who argued that the revolution had fallen down from Shariah regime. A religious extremist organization called Muhammadan Union took troops of the First Army with groups of many other people for materializations in front of the parliament to restore Shariah and terminate unionist officers from the ministry. Liberals underestimated the intensity of religious anger against unionist and eventually imbed the unscathed situation uncontrollable due to which the Unionists fled.These kinds of violence and demonstrations took place in other parts of the empire too and thousands of Americans were kil led. In Macedonia, the Unionists regrouped due to the CUP strength in the field of force and units of the Third Army regulated to take position outside Istanbul under the leadership of Commander Mahmud evket Paa. On 24 April 1909, they occupied the capital in an army action. Later on in the mid of May, the attempted counterrevolution came to an end due to public executions.After the elimination of the counterrevolution and before the ultimate obliterate of the Ottomans in World War I in Oct. 1918, a reform was established by Young Turks. In this reform, they tried a complete regeneration of the Ottoman society. While it is difficult to speak of a major policy of Turki-fication in the Ottoman Empire in 1908, the Young Turks certainly envisioned such a policy and tried to implement it increasingly, especially by and by 1913. (Sencer , pg 41).According to historians, during this point, CUP initiated many social, political and economic procedures which were followed later in the r epublican dodging of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk. The international position of the empire went worse when Young Turks government fell in crisis. Their occupied province of Balkan and Herzegovina was annexed by the Aus-Hungarians. King Ferdinand of Bulgaria also confirmed its independence from the empire.The unexpected success of the A. A. Brusilovs offensive in 1916 be treated as the dying gasp of a ruined army, that the Caucasian Armys brilliant campaigns against Turkey be regarded as irrelevant sideshows, and so on. (Showalter, pg 161) Colonel Sadk and his group of young officers who called themselves Savior Officers combined against the CUP and labored the cabinet to resign.However, the government surrendered before the difficult foreign policy due to which Bulgaria and Serbia made defensive agreements to divide Macedonia. The First Balkan War began with an attack on Montenegro on Oct. 8, 1912 in which the Ottoman government struggled helplessly. By the start of November, Salonika, w hich was the home and the birth place of the revolution led by Young Turks, was taken by the Hellenic army. CUP officers under the leadership of Major Enver Bey wrongly believed that the cabinet is discussing options to surrender Edirne. Hence, they shot the Minister of War, Nizam Pasha, and forced Kamil Pasha to resign at gunpoint.Having full control, CUP tried to resolve the crisis and directed the government and the society on the modern transformation path. They took this process even though the war was still going on. They asked Mahmud evket Paa to become the Minister of War. On March 26, 1913 the Bulgarians successfully occupied Edirne and CUP was compelled to surrender the urban center of Edirne. Mahmud evket Paa was assassinated in Istanbul after a few days. On July 20th, the Ottoman Army, under the leadership of Major Enver Bey, fought back and successfully occupied Edirne and east Thrace. CUP started a steady movement towards the reduction of legal boundaries of the Mo slem Shariah.The responsibilities of religious institutions were taken over by three ministries. Shariah courts were handed over to the Ministry of Justice and religious colleges & Madrassahs were giftn to the Ministry of bringing up due to which Legal Reforms were codified after fifty years. According to the new family law, the magistrate conducted marriages and the minimum age of brides and grooms was decided as eighteen and twenty respectively. Women took part in nationalist clubs that were opened in Balkans and Anatolia In 1908, the Young Turks movement faced the basic question How to preserve, liberate, and consolidate Turkey? The same question stated in a new context had to be faced by Ataturk in 1918. (Jackh, n.p.)The Balkan War appeared as an idea of a multinational Empire to Young Turks. battalion of the Empire even Muslims and Albanians preferred the nationalist approach to solve their problems. Non Muslim Businessmen, entrepreneurs and other people having some commerci al value in the society had showed kindliness to the objective of the Balkan people. Therefore after 1913 Young Turks regime worked strongly on nationalist economic policy not only to ensure development of rightfully national industry, but also made efforts to freedom from crippling foreign restrictions on Ottoman finances.The Balkan War pushed Turkish nationalism ahead and CUP officially encouraged the association among Balkans, Anatolians and Turkish-speaking people. Besides Turkish nationalism, in that respect were also different ideologies among Turks before World War I started. There were liberal and reactionary Muslim groups that organized on both local and national level. Other than those groups, there were government officials and other intellectuals who supported the westernization of the Ottoman Empire. These ideologies and approaches were not only seen in World War I but it also continued in postwar era.Turkey and World War IOn Oct. 29th, 1914 Turkey entered in this g reat battle when it combined its warships with Germany at Russian Black Sea ports in a mutual naval bombardment. Soon after that on November 2nd, Russia officially say war on Turkey. France and Great Britain joined hands with Russia against Turkey. The Turks started their attack on the Russian Caucasus area in December and succeeded easily. However, Turkish hold on that area was significantly reduced by the mid of the year 1915. The Turkish hold of the Russian Caucasus area encouraged the Russian government to divert Britains tutelage towards Turkey.After the defeat in the World War Turkish nationalism still remained the only option, but the Turkish enemy movement led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later Atatrk) opted for Anatolian Turkish nationalism and rejected irredentist claims. (Karpat , pg 155)Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton responded the Russian governments call. In February, 1915 the Allied naval forces of Britain, France and Australia attacked the Turkish forts at Dardanelles but the st rong Turkish resistance and the bad leadership of the Allied forces caused complete failure and their troops were called back from Dec. 1915 to Jan. 1916. Meanwhile, the British forces defeated the Turks in many battles in the Indian region during 1914 and 1915 including the major hold on Kut-al-Imara. In the Battle of Ctesiphon, the Turks succeeded in forcing the British forces to retreat from Kut-al-Imara in Iraq.However, In Feb 1917, General Stanley defeated the Turkish forces and captured Baghdad. mean was started to beat the Turks and the British military operation in nirvana became strong in Middle East during the war. They used Egyptian logistic and strategic bases and supported Arabs to put up a fight against the Turks. General Allenby who commanded Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) started series of war campaigns with the support of Arab associate in June 1917. Over the period of a year, they successfully destroyed the Turkish frontline.After the surrender, the Turkish government was controlled by the British authorities. The Paris Peace Conference, which was held to impose a resolution, decided to give the Arab and the Balkan provinces under one authority. It was also decided that the areas of predominant Turkish population like southern and eastern Anatolia will be controlled by the foreign forces.Anatolia was invaded by the large Greek army but mass killing of the Turkish population led Allies to stop their support to Greeks. In reaction of the whole situation, the Turkish nationalist movement began for peace settlement in the region. The movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatrk during the Turkish War of Independence from 1918 to 1923 Kemal Atatrk successfully drove out occupation forces including Greeks, British, Italian and French. With these victories, the Turkish Republic was officially announced in the Year 1923.The First World War had very miserable effects on Turkey. The enforced signing of the Treaty of Serves was meant to divide the Turki sh Empire. Turkey was compelled to agree on the terms of the Treaty of Serves. These terms included the French occupation of Syria & Lebanon. Iraq and Palestine came under the hold of England. Egypt was also controlled by the Britons. Saudi Arabia was also declared an independent state. This loss of Arabian Territories by the Ottoman Empire was considered an inevitable occurrence for them.Though the Treaty of Serves could not be implemented properly because Mustafa Kamal Pasha started the Turk Revolutionary movement also called (Turkish national movement) to regain Asia Minor (Anatolia) and the other metropolis of Constantinople (Istanbul). The Turkish people progressively united under the leadership of Kamal Pasha and terminated the Treaty of Serves.The Treaty of Lausanne was the agreement that repalced the Treaty of Serves. The Turkish Revolution proceeded gain to avoided the division of their Empire and to boost their Nationalist Movement. The Lausanne Treaty was signed on 24 J uly 1923 by the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, and the Serbo-Croat-Slovene State on one part and Turkey on the other. (Lausanne Treaty, n.p.) The aim of the movement was to oppose the partition of the Ottoman Empire after the Armistice of Mudros in 1918 and to end the hostilities between the Allied forces and the Ottoman Empire due to which the Turkish Empire had been divided. The movement was also established to have an independent nation. The Turk Revolutionary Movement war mainly influenced by the Tanzimat reformation but it was not associated with Young Turk Movement which was established in the same period to keep the Ottoman State bounded togather. THE Turkish Revolution began, in the orb sense, with the forcible overthrow of an old political order and the establishment of a new one in 1908. (Lewis, pg 473) In reality, Turk revolutionaries were not the same kind of people who had similar minds and approaches. They differ with each other in their politi cal and social ideas. They did not even communicate with each other but still they had one common idea which kept them togather which was to have sovereignty.Turks Nationalist Movement under Mustafa KemalThe First World War ended and Ottoman troops were forced to deactivate and disarm except for the purpose of policing. Prisoners of War were freed and military personnel of Austrian-Hungarian and Germany were prone two months clip to leave the Empire.In November 1918, Sultan Mehmed VI, who had succeeded to the throne in July, dissolve the parliament and decided to crush the Young Turks whom he held responsible for the defeat of the Turkish Empire. On 1 January 1919, he opened court martial proceedings against Enver, Talat, and other leading Young Turk officials. He appointed his brother-in-law, Damad Ferid Pasha, Grand Vezir (Grand minister), a position he was to hold for much of the next two years in several different cabinets.He also adopted a stance of cooperation with the con ditions of the armistice in order to gain a reasonable peace settlement. The Allies thought that Ottomans must accept dictated peace for there empire. They also had problems on the peace terms associated with Germany. This situation happened because of their conflicting promises to each other regarding postwar distribution of the Ottoman lands. They hoped that United States would take responsibility in the protection and the support of the League of Nations. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to deliver his support to the League of Nations to command over Straits, Istanbul and other six provinces of the empire, where a huge number of Americans were living.On the other hand, most of the Anatolians started to resist against the commanding authorities from the very beginning. They formed an embryonic resistance movement in Anatolia consisting on partisan fighting units and local councils. According to the existing plane laid in Dardanelles campaign earlier, they shipped out their ar maments and supplies before expiration the country. CUP founded the National Guards called Karakol before the end of the war, looked after guerilla activities and founded local societies for the defense of rights. In 1934, Turks are ordered to take family names. Parliament grants Mustafa Kemal the surname of Ataturk. Women given the right to vote. (Chronology, pg 341)Karakol helped smuggle Unionist workers out of Istanbul. But that movement was suffering strong leadership. They took an important decision for the Turkish history and group heads of Karakol contacted Mustafa Kemal Pasha known as Atatrk.Kemal Pasha, who was the founder of Turkish Nationalist Movement, was born in 1881 in Salonika. He graduated in 1904 from the War College in Istanbul. In 1906, Atatruk founded the secret opposer group in Damascus. He took part in Young Turks revolution after his transfer to the Third Army in Macedonia. He was also an busy member in the Action Army of Mahmud evket Pasha.He participated in the Balkan War in 1911 after which he was posted in Sofia. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and Pasha after his courageous efforts in Gallipoli in the First World War. He supervised the Ottoman retreat as a Commander on the Syrian front during the last month of the war. Karakols wanted Kemal Pasha to lead them because they knew his commitment to the CUP and that he had no private connections to the politics of Talat and Enver at the time of the war.The Sultans government requested him to go to Anatolia to strengthen the Ottoman troops there. He was titled Inspector of the Third Army and assigned eastern Anatolia with broad authority. In the meanwhile, Entente powers landed the Greek army at Izmir for the enforcement of armistice in Western Anatolia. The Greek forces started their invasion of Western Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal Pasha went to Samsun and at present contacted the local leaders of the Nationalist Group in Eastern Anatolia through telegraph. He establish ed good relationships with the Commander of the Ninth Army, Kzim Pasha. With the collaboration of two staff officers Refet Bey and Hseyin Rauf Bey, Kemal Pasha and Kzim Pasha prepared a memorandum and distributed it to the Nationalist Group ground in Eastern Anatolia.In June 1919, Amasya resolution denounced the capability of the sultans government to defend the area. Therefore, the local people had to defend themselves without any official support. Before the meeting of the National Congress in Erzurum in July, the sultans government called back Mustafa Kemal to Istanbul. The sultan relieved Kemal from his command. The National Pact was the first document that came out at the Erzurm congress. This pact was based on six articles.In this document, it was decided that there would be an independent nation with no foreign mandate. It claimed back the former Ottoman territories except where Turks already were in command. Because of the foreign powers, citizens had sacrificed their extr aterritorial right and special privileges to minorities were never ensured. The nation would prefer assistance from any power from its own empire. Three weeks later, at the Second National Congress in Sivas, Erzurum declaration was endorsed and expanded due to which the sultan was freed from receiving the blame for the current national crisis and his advisors were blamed for the happening.In Istanbul, there was an ongoing demonstration against the foreign influence and the Greek offensiveness and it had full support of the nationalists. Addresses to the mass rally were getting success in the Turk population. Karakol was sending assistance to the nationalists by recruiting members for the revolution. The city was growing up with thousands of refugees from Balkan and Anatolia. Relief workers got confused when they saw families reunite, arrangements for minor orphans, the returning of demobilized soldiers, and the facilities for the disabled war veterans.The Nationalist Movement won in the elections in the Ottoman parliament which were held after the war. It took majority of the seats. In December, the headquarters of the Nationalist Resistance were moved to the Anatolian town of Ankara. Mustafa Kemal wanted to have a new parliament there but a majority of the deputies wanted to stay in Istanbul and disagreed with Kemal. In Jan.1920, the parliament was opened in Istanbul and by the mid of Feb, the National Pact was adopted. The British Army occupied Istanbul on the 16th of March and arrested several nationalists. Many nationalists hid or made their way back to Anatolia to join the nationalists again.In the elections held for the first postwar Ottoman parliament, sympathizers of the Nationalist Movement won majority of the seats. Among them were Hseyin Rauf and Dr. Adnan Advar. As the parliament prorogued itself in April, the nationalists were denounced as false representatives of the nation by Damad Ferid Pasha. They were even pronounced enemies of the faith and their demise was looked at as a duty of Muslims.A small army emerged to fight the nationalists in April next month. Mustafa Kemal was declared guilt-ridden of treason in absentia and was sentenced to death through court martial. Meanwhile, ninety two members fled from the Ottoman parliament to Ankara and thirty two representatives of the Defense of the National Rights on with the members of the parliament constituted the first nationalist parliament also called Grand National Assembly or Great Assembly of the Nation.War of Independence As the government of Sultan Mehmed VI accepted the Treaty of Svres on 10th August 1920, the Ottoman Empire was divided and was given under different foreign command. The Treaty was completely unacceptable to the revolutionary nationalists. At the end of September 1920, Turkish nationalists under Kzim Pashas command go on from Erzurum to Sarkam.The advancement of the Turkish army and Bolsheviks coup against the Armenian government in Yerevan ended t he possibility of an independent Armenia in Eastern Anatolia. The Britons refused to consider any military action against Turk nationalists to impose the peace terms in the region. Italy and France had already started to develop an understanding with the nationalists. On the 10th of January 1921, the nationalists defeated the Greeks. immediately the international situation slightly shifted in the favor of the nationalists. The Peas Treaty had broken quickly. The Italians and the French concluded arrangements with the nationalists separately to withdraw their influence from Anatolia. These successes brought precious moments for the nationalists. The Turkish people faced a defining moment to their own destiny. The government in Ankara granted extraordinary authority to Mustafa Kemal, who personally commanded the army for three months. A long battle was fought in August and September 1921 on the Sakarya River and Mustafa Kemal & the nationalist forces won the war.After a month, a peac e conference was held in Lausanne, Switzerland. Ismet Bey, who led the Turkish delegation, proved his capabilities to be an effective spokesman. A peace treaty was finally concluded in July 1923 known as The Treaty of Lausanne which confirmed the Turkish nationalists military victory. The state continues to teach that the Republic is based on the secular principles of Atatrk (Shank-land, pg 65) the Turkish nationalists got back Eastern Thrace and the whole of Anatolia. The Turkish people finally found their independent country under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.Works CitedBernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford University Press, London, 1961. scalawag arrive 473.David Shank-land The Alevis in Turkey The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition, RoutledgeCurzon, New York, 2003. Page Number 65.Kemal H. Karpat, Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History, Brill, Boston, 2002, Page Number 840Robin Higham Dennis E. Showalter, Researching World War I, Gree nwood Press, Westport, CT. 2003. Page Number 161.Justin McCarthy, The Ottoman Turks An Introductory History to 1923, Longman, London 1997. Page Number 349.Emre Sencer, Balkan Nationalisms in the Ottoman Parliament 1909, East Europe, 2004, Page Number 41+Chronology, Journal of International Affairs, Columbia, 2000 Page Number 341.Lausanne Treatyhttp//www.hri.org/docs/lausanne/ Accessed April 10, 2007Kemal H. Karpat, Ottoman Past and Todays Turkey, Brill, Boston, 2002, Page Number 155.Ernest Jackh. The Rising Crescent Turkey Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Farrar & Rinehart New York, 1944 Page Number 89.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

Frankenstein is a book more or less whiles desire for knowledge, about the way he is not satisfied unless he knows all the wonders of the world. In many cases, this merchant ship lead to the destruction of a mans soul, as it did to skipper Frankenstein. His quest to learn the secrets of heaven and earth ended in disaster. The monster was the embodiment of atrocious, bringing death and destruction wherever it place foot. It brought death to Frankensteins family, in a pure quest for r regular(a)ge. Symbolic of most evil, the monster was manmade. In many ways Mary Shelleys spirit can be compared to that of Victor Frankensteins.Mary must devote felt that wherever she went, evil followed, as those closest to her were snatched away. She portrayed this in Frankenstein as Victors family was destroyed by the monster, symbolic of the evil she felt followed her. Marys spousal is also represented in Frankenstein. Marys marriage to Percy Shelley was the happiest time of her sustenance before he was killed. In the same way, Victors marriage to Elizabeth was the solo joy he had felt in a long time, when on the dot as suddenly she was murdered by the monster, again symbolising the evil that Mary felt killed her husband.Mary also describes very vividly the pain that Victor felt, leading us to believe that she must have felt the same pain and agony. She reveals this in many situations such as the quotes, the generous misery I now felt, and the excess of agitation that I endured rendered me incapable of any exertion and, a fiend had snatched from me every chance of future bliss no creature had ever been so miserable as I was. The shutting of the story was that the death of Victor Frankenstein led the monster to believe that his hold was done, and so the monster burned himself to death.The creation had ironically led to the death of the creator. Mary believed that in the event of a mans demise, the evil at heart him dies as well. Frankenstein contains a sad endin g, with the destruction of a whole family due to a mans insatiable quest for knowledge. Marys life also consisted of a sad ending, in which she was never as happy as she was when with her husband. She died a lonely death, without her loved ones surrounding her, the same fate dual-lane by Victor Frankenstein. The monster in Frankenstein can be compared to the beast in Lord of the Flies. There are twain similarities and differences.In both novels, the whim of a monster/beast represents the pure manifestation of evil. Mutually they lead to the destruction and death of those slightly them. They are equally spawned from the mind and hands of humans. They both originally spring from the minds of humans. To explain, in Lord of the Flies is the imagination of the boys representing evil, and in Frankenstein it is Victors wild imagination and thirst for intellect that leads to the creation of the monster. withal, this can also be viewed as a particular dissimilarity. In Frankenstein, the monster is bodily real and physically inflicts harm on Victors family.However in Lord of the Flies the beast is just as deadly and evil, but is inside the childrens minds. William Golding was natural in Cornwall in 1911. His family was progressive and it was the initiative source of influence for Goldings talent. He studied physics and English literature at Marlboro and Oxford University of England. From the first years of his life, he faced the atrocities of war. Fuelled with stories his parents related to him about the first war, he took part in the second great war by joining the British Navy at 1940. After the war, William became a teacher at a boys school in Salisbury. Here, he started to act as a writer.He observed many children in their natural environment, and must have witnessed the negative side of a childs nature unmeasured number of times. This led him to write Lord Of The Flies which was his first published book. William Golding lived with the two biggest wars in h istory. During his time in the Navy, he had a constant reminder of the evil and brutality in the hearts of men. He saw countless lives lost around him, some belonging to his friends. It had been revealed to him that the pure evil inside a man can start world wars. This, along with his teaching experiences, was his inducement to write Lord Of The Flies.After surviving the war, he saw during his teaching that children were not bereft of evil either. Combining these two topics he wrote Lord Of The Flies, the contradict between humanitys innate barbarism and the civilizing influence of reason. In the book, he portrays Jack as the embodiment of evil. It is Jacks thirst for causality that causes the breakdown of civilisation. In this way, Jack can be compared to Hitler. Jack did not want to stop murdering until the whole of Ralphs group were killed. In the same way, Hitler did not want to stop until the world was rid of Jews.Jacks tribe wore face paint whereas Hitler and the Nazis wore the sign of the Swastika on their arms. Jack is aided in his quest of destruction by Roger, who can be compared to the Nazis. Roger also represents pure evil and wrongness, moreso even than Jack. He derived sadistic pleasure from torturing pigs and the other boys on the island. Similarly, the Nazis tortured the Jews from which they obtained a sick sense of fulfilment. Roger is one of Jacks most loyal helpers, and gladly carries out his orders, in the same manner the Nazis obeyed Hitler. The ending of the novel can be interpreted in two different ways.The first would be to interpret that William Golding does actually have a positive arithmetic mean on life and believes that the end of life will be a happy one. This can be portrayed as the naval officer who has arrive to end the evil and escape the boys from the clutches of death, and thus the arrival of authority seems like a happy and ironic ending. However if one digs deeper it is just a continuation from one war to another. Onc e all the boys get on the Navy cruiser, theyll most likely just be subjected to more competitiveness and fighting, this time on a worldwide level, due to the war taking place in the outside world.To conclude, the common theme in both novels was the evil in man. Both authors had their own experiences that led them to believe that evil resides amongst all of us. They both took their experiences and portrayed them in novels filled with symbolism. Mary Shelley believed that evil is constantly around us, and that no-one can escape. She believed that man has an evil inside of him so powerful that it can lead to the destruction of his own soul. William Goldings understanding was that every man is born with evil inside him.He didnt believe in mans innocence after the second world war. He found that even children are not innocent, saying, No one is innocent until the society and the way of his life make him to pretend that hes innocent. But sometimes, when a man is facing a difficult situat ion then he will probably show his other nature, the dark and guilty nature. Shyam Kanabar Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

NA Meeting paper

Before I attended the NA meeting, I had felt more than a little apprehensive I really wasnt quite sure what to expect from the meeting and that made me truly nervous. I have talked to and listened to cabbages and recovering addicts many times before, my brother is a recovering addict and a few friends are also, but that did not prepare me for the sadness, grief, and happiness I saw in this meeting. The meeting started out with the person running it kickoff things off, and then asked if anyone wanted to share anything.There were about seven people in the meeting not including myself, and they all shared their stories and what was going on with them. I found their stories and feeling events uplifting and interesting to hear about, and I was proud of them for invariablyything they have survived and made it done. When I think about the meeting and everything said in it, it really touches my heart how the people were open to overcome the obstacle of addiction and better themselves by kicking the habit.I was brought to tears by one mans story, he told of how he had lost his wife and turned to drugs to numb the pain and grief, but sadly became addicted. He went on to share how he lost everything in his life before it really hit him that he had to change something, and he entered a rehabilitation center, got off the drugs, and today was his 1,826 th day of being clean (thats five years).What I learned at the meeting, well really what I learned from the people who shared their journey, was more than I could ever put into words, it had much(prenominal) a great on me, and I am sure it will always be with me. I feel wish I have clean learned some of the difficulties that these people have experienced in their life, I dont mean to say I knew nothing of it before, but it is diametric hearing from people other than your brother. From what I heard in the meeting I really feel that I understand my brother and what he went through more clearly now.My perceptions abou t drug users didnt really change, I already knew that drug users are just normal everyday people like you or me, they just have a problem, or addiction with drugs. I know how hard it is for people to be on drugs, and to be a recovering addict. When my brother got into and was addicted to Meth, it made him a completely different person, he was always agitated, mad, didnt work, and he became violent with little to no provocation, and it was only ever toward me.Now that my brother is recovering and has been a recovering addict for going on three years, he has pretty much done a three-sixty he has a steady full time job with benefits, doesnt do drugs anymore, and has no violent tendencies. Overall, I really enjoyed and found the stories interesting, and like that I was able to really hear what they were saying and somewhat relate to what they were saying. I feel that I have learned a lot and I am very glad that I had the opportunity to go and have them share their stories with me.